cciia.org.cn 2021-10-29 12:30:59 最高檢網站
10月29日，最(zui)高(gao)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)印發4件民事(shi)(shi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)跟進監(jian)(jian)(jian)督典(dian)型案(an)例。作為《人民檢(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)院民事(shi)(shi)訴(su)訟監(jian)(jian)(jian)督規則》施行(xing)后的一項(xiang)重要民事(shi)(shi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督方(fang)(fang)式，如何通過(guo)跟進監(jian)(jian)(jian)督來增強民事(shi)(shi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督剛性？4件民事(shi)(shi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)跟進監(jian)(jian)(jian)督典(dian)型案(an)例在法律適用、民事(shi)(shi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)監(jian)(jian)(jian)督方(fang)(fang)面(mian)又釋放(fang)了(le)哪些信號？就此話題，記者對最(zui)高(gao)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)委會委員、第(di)六檢(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)廳(ting)廳(ting)長馮小光進行(xing)了(le)專(zhuan)訪。
記者(zhe)：這次發布的(de)是(shi)(shi)民(min)事檢(jian)察(cha)的(de)跟(gen)(gen)進(jin)監督典型案例。對于跟(gen)(gen)進(jin)監督，社會大眾還比(bi)較陌生，請問什(shen)么(me)是(shi)(shi)跟(gen)(gen)進(jin)監督？現(xian)在跟(gen)(gen)進(jin)監督的(de)實踐情況(kuang)是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么(me)樣的(de)？
馮小光(guang)：跟進監督來(lai)源(yuan)于《人(ren)民(min)檢(jian)察(cha)院(yuan)(yuan)民(min)事訴訟監督規(gui)則》的(de)(de)明確(que)規(gui)定(ding)，針對(dui)(dui)人(ren)民(min)法(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)審理民(min)事抗訴案件做出的(de)(de)判決、裁定(ding)、調解書(shu)(shu)仍有(you)明顯(xian)錯誤的(de)(de)；人(ren)民(min)法(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)(dui)檢(jian)察(cha)建(jian)(jian)議(yi)未(wei)在規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)期限內作出處理并書(shu)(shu)面回復的(de)(de)；人(ren)民(min)法(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)(dui)檢(jian)察(cha)建(jian)(jian)議(yi)的(de)(de)處理結果錯誤的(de)(de)等三種情(qing)形，人(ren)民(min)檢(jian)察(cha)院(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)以(yi)按(an)照有(you)關規(gui)定(ding)再次監督或者(zhe)提(ti)請上級人(ren)民(min)檢(jian)察(cha)院(yuan)(yuan)監督。
在民事檢(jian)察(cha)(cha)實踐中，跟進監督的(de)主要(yao)表現形式有以(yi)下(xia)幾種：一是(shi)再審檢(jian)察(cha)(cha)建議(yi)未被采納后，人民檢(jian)察(cha)(cha)院(yuan)提起抗訴(su)；二是(shi)抗訴(su)后作出的(de)判決、裁定(ding)、調解書仍有明顯錯誤的(de)，再次提起抗訴(su)；三是(shi)關(guan)于執行活動(dong)違法、審判活動(dong)違法監督的(de)檢(jian)察(cha)(cha)建議(yi)未被采納或對(dui)檢(jian)察(cha)(cha)建議(yi)的(de)處(chu)理結果錯誤的(de)，人民檢(jian)察(cha)(cha)院(yuan)再次制發檢(jian)察(cha)(cha)建議(yi)。
近年(nian)(nian)來，跟(gen)(gen)進(jin)監督案(an)件(jian)數量呈現(xian)逐步(bu)升(sheng)高趨(qu)勢。2020年(nian)(nian)，全國檢察機關共受理生(sheng)效裁判(pan)結果監督的(de)跟(gen)(gen)進(jin)監督案(an)件(jian)1150件(jian)，同(tong)比上升(sheng)1.2倍，審查(cha)后提出抗訴74件(jian)，同(tong)比上升(sheng)2.5倍。2021年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)至9月(yue)，受理生(sheng)效裁判(pan)結果監督的(de)跟(gen)(gen)進(jin)監督案(an)件(jian)1107件(jian)，同(tong)比上升(sheng)79.4%，審查(cha)后提出抗訴60件(jian)。
記者：檢察(cha)機關跟進監督的意義體現在哪(na)些方面(mian)？
馮小光：一(yi)是(shi)跟進(jin)(jin)(jin)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)是(shi)實現(xian)民(min)事檢察(cha)(cha)精(jing)準(zhun)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)的重要手段。精(jing)準(zhun)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)注重選擇適當(dang)的監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)方(fang)式對(dui)有(you)糾偏和(he)引(yin)(yin)領價(jia)值的案(an)件(jian)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)，從(cong)而促進(jin)(jin)(jin)解決一(yi)個領域、一(yi)個地方(fang)、一(yi)個時(shi)期司法理念、政策(ce)、導向(xiang)問題(ti)，尤其(qi)是(shi)涉及公(gong)共(gong)價(jia)值或(huo)公(gong)共(gong)利益的問題(ti)。《中共(gong)中央關于(yu)加強新時(shi)代檢察(cha)(cha)機關法律監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)工作的意(yi)見》提出檢察(cha)(cha)機關應當(dang)精(jing)準(zhun)開展(zhan)民(min)事訴訟監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)，增(zeng)強監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)的主動(dong)性、精(jing)準(zhun)度和(he)實效性。因此，對(dui)于(yu)民(min)事檢察(cha)(cha)履(lv)職過程(cheng)發現(xian)的具有(you)糾偏和(he)引(yin)(yin)領價(jia)值的案(an)件(jian)，如果(guo)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)后明顯錯誤和(he)違法的情形仍然存在，更(geng)要通過跟進(jin)(jin)(jin)監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)達(da)到應有(you)的監(jian)(jian)督(du)(du)質效。
二(er)是(shi)跟進監(jian)督(du)(du)是(shi)體現(xian)民(min)(min)事(shi)檢(jian)察公(gong)權(quan)(quan)監(jian)督(du)(du)和(he)私(si)權(quan)(quan)救濟雙重(zhong)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)的(de)重(zhong)要方式。民(min)(min)事(shi)檢(jian)察監(jian)督(du)(du)是(shi)對民(min)(min)事(shi)審判權(quan)(quan)和(he)民(min)(min)事(shi)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)權(quan)(quan)的(de)監(jian)督(du)(du)，檢(jian)察機(ji)關通過(guo)糾正(zheng)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)在審判權(quan)(quan)和(he)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)權(quan)(quan)行(xing)(xing)使過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)違(wei)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)為及(ji)相關后果(guo)(guo)，保(bao)障國家法(fa)(fa)律統一正(zheng)確實施(shi)，維護國家利益(yi)、社會(hui)公(gong)共利益(yi)，保(bao)護公(gong)民(min)(min)、法(fa)(fa)人和(he)其他(ta)組織的(de)合法(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan)益(yi)。如果(guo)(guo)檢(jian)察監(jian)督(du)(du)目的(de)還未最(zui)終實現(xian)，檢(jian)察機(ji)關有責任(ren)依職權(quan)(quan)再(zai)次監(jian)督(du)(du)，在對公(gong)權(quan)(quan)力行(xing)(xing)為糾錯的(de)同(tong)時也實現(xian)了(le)對申請監(jian)督(du)(du)人的(de)私(si)權(quan)(quan)利救濟。
記者：麻煩您介紹下這批(pi)案例的總體情(qing)況。
馮小(xiao)光：經過(guo)(guo)(guo)多(duo)輪篩選(xuan)，我們選(xuan)出了4個案(an)(an)(an)例(li)(li)，分(fen)別(bie)涉(she)(she)及實(shi)踐中(zhong)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)間(jian)借(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)貸糾紛、金融(rong)借(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)款糾紛、執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)異(yi)議(yi)、虛(xu)假調(diao)(diao)解等(deng)領域的(de)(de)(de)常見(jian)多(duo)發問(wen)題(ti)。例(li)(li)如(ru)(ru)李某(mou)(mou)(mou)莉與朱某(mou)(mou)(mou)文、朱某(mou)(mou)(mou)惠(hui)民(min)間(jian)借(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)貸糾紛跟進監(jian)(jian)督(du)案(an)(an)(an)涉(she)(she)及的(de)(de)(de)焦點(dian)問(wen)題(ti)是(shi)(shi)抵押權(quan)設定和(he)(he)(he)抵押合(he)同成(cheng)立生(sheng)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)區分(fen)原(yuan)則，檢(jian)(jian)察(cha)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)跟進監(jian)(jian)督(du)促(cu)進了物權(quan)法中(zhong)這一基(ji)礎性(xing)規范的(de)(de)(de)正確(que)統(tong)一適用(yong)。再如(ru)(ru)楊某(mou)(mou)(mou)、耿某(mou)(mou)(mou)強與天津某(mou)(mou)(mou)銀行(xing)(xing)津南(nan)支行(xing)(xing)金融(rong)借(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)款合(he)同糾紛跟進監(jian)(jian)督(du)案(an)(an)(an)涉(she)(she)及的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)對金融(rong)借(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)款的(de)(de)(de)保證合(he)同的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)力和(he)(he)(he)法院的(de)(de)(de)送達程(cheng)序(xu)問(wen)題(ti)，檢(jian)(jian)察(cha)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)核(he)實(shi)發現(xian)案(an)(an)(an)涉(she)(she)保證合(he)同中(zhong)保證人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)簽名(ming)系(xi)偽造、法院因送達不到位(wei)問(wen)題(ti)導(dao)致當事人(ren)未能(neng)(neng)參(can)與訴(su)訟(song)(song)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)跟進監(jian)(jian)督(du)認定偽造簽名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)同不發生(sheng)效(xiao)力并(bing)從(cong)實(shi)體上改(gai)判，體現(xian)了民(min)事檢(jian)(jian)察(cha)公(gong)權(quan)力監(jian)(jian)督(du)和(he)(he)(he)私權(quan)利(li)救濟的(de)(de)(de)雙重效(xiao)果。還比如(ru)(ru)遼寧某(mou)(mou)(mou)集團公(gong)司第四(si)分(fen)公(gong)司申請執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)跟進監(jian)(jian)督(du)案(an)(an)(an)是(shi)(shi)關(guan)(guan)于涉(she)(she)第三人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)訴(su)訟(song)(song)保全(quan)異(yi)議(yi)和(he)(he)(he)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)異(yi)議(yi)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，檢(jian)(jian)察(cha)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)三次(ci)監(jian)(jian)督(du)，促(cu)使法院糾正民(min)事執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)違法行(xing)(xing)為，厘清了民(min)事執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)領域長期存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)一些具(ju)有代表性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)，例(li)(li)如(ru)(ru)在(zai)(zai)訴(su)訟(song)(song)保全(quan)中(zhong)審判權(quan)要(yao)發揮(hui)應有的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)等(deng)。最(zui)(zui)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)某(mou)(mou)(mou)建筑公(gong)司與某(mou)(mou)(mou)置業公(gong)司建設工程(cheng)施工合(he)同糾紛跟進監(jian)(jian)督(du)案(an)(an)(an)涉(she)(she)及的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)建設工程(cheng)領域中(zhong)當事人(ren)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)虛(xu)假訴(su)訟(song)(song)形成(cheng)民(min)事調(diao)(diao)解書(shu)，檢(jian)(jian)察(cha)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)核(he)實(shi)查(cha)明(ming)了原(yuan)被告雙方虛(xu)假調(diao)(diao)解的(de)(de)(de)事實(shi)并(bing)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)跟進監(jian)(jian)督(du)，最(zui)(zui)終促(cu)使上級法院撤銷了虛(xu)假調(diao)(diao)解書(shu)。由于虛(xu)假訴(su)訟(song)(song)損害的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)司法秩序(xu)等(deng)國(guo)家利(li)益(yi)及社會公(gong)共(gong)利(li)益(yi)，檢(jian)(jian)察(cha)機(ji)(ji)關(guan)(guan)作為保護“兩益(yi)”的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)力量，在(zai)(zai)此類案(an)(an)(an)件中(zhong)應當加強跟進監(jian)(jian)督(du)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)動性(xing)。
記者：我們看到遼寧某集(ji)團(tuan)公(gong)司第(di)四分公(gong)司申請(qing)執行跟進監(jian)督(du)案一(yi)共進行了三次(ci)監(jian)督(du)，該案有什(shen)么特(te)色嗎(ma)？
馮小光：本(ben)案(an)的基(ji)本(ben)案(an)情(qing)是在(zai)(zai)某(mou)(mou)木材銷售公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)起訴(su)李某(mou)(mou)江(jiang)(jiang)支付貨(huo)款(kuan)等(deng)款(kuan)項，申(shen)(shen)請訴(su)訟保全。訴(su)訟保全中(zhong)，法(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)向第(di)三(san)人遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)某(mou)(mou)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)第(di)四(si)分公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)協助執(zhi)行(xing)通知書，要求(qiu)該公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)停(ting)止(zhi)向李某(mou)(mou)江(jiang)(jiang)支付在(zai)(zai)另(ling)案(an)法(fa)律關系中(zhong)的工程(cheng)款(kuan)536萬(wan)元(yuan)。該公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)沒(mei)有提出(chu)(chu)異(yi)(yi)議(yi)(yi)(yi)，履行(xing)了(le)不向李某(mou)(mou)江(jiang)(jiang)支付的通知義務。生效裁判(pan)作出(chu)(chu)后，某(mou)(mou)木材銷售公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)申(shen)(shen)請強制(zhi)執(zhi)行(xing)，因李某(mou)(mou)江(jiang)(jiang)無其他財產，執(zhi)行(xing)法(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)向遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)某(mou)(mou)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)第(di)四(si)分公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)裁定扣留被執(zhi)行(xing)人李某(mou)(mou)江(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)(zai)該公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的工程(cheng)款(kuan)536萬(wan)元(yuan)。遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)某(mou)(mou)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)第(di)四(si)分公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)不服，提出(chu)(chu)執(zhi)行(xing)異(yi)(yi)議(yi)(yi)(yi)，執(zhi)行(xing)法(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和上級復議(yi)(yi)(yi)法(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)皆以該公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)在(zai)(zai)訴(su)訟保全階段未(wei)提出(chu)(chu)異(yi)(yi)議(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)由，駁回執(zhi)行(xing)異(yi)(yi)議(yi)(yi)(yi)。遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)某(mou)(mou)集(ji)團公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)第(di)四(si)分公(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)向檢察機關申(shen)(shen)請監督，區市兩級人民檢察院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)的檢察建議(yi)(yi)(yi)都(dou)未(wei)被采納，最終遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)省人民檢察院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)檢察建議(yi)(yi)(yi)書，被遼(liao)寧(ning)(ning)省高(gao)級人民法(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)采納。
本案中三(san)(san)級檢察機關(guan)通過三(san)(san)次執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)監督，對(dui)民事執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)領域的(de)一些普遍(bian)性問(wen)題提(ti)(ti)供了(le)指導意義，如第三(san)(san)人(ren)在訴訟(song)(song)保全階段的(de)協助義務是一種(zhong)消極(ji)不(bu)作為(wei)(wei)義務，第三(san)(san)人(ren)只要不(bu)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)其對(dui)被執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)債務即可，不(bu)能因(yin)為(wei)(wei)在訴訟(song)(song)保全階段中未提(ti)(ti)出(chu)異議(yi)(yi)，就(jiu)否定其在執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)程(cheng)序中提(ti)(ti)出(chu)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)異議(yi)(yi)的(de)權(quan)利；執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)異議(yi)(yi)審(shen)查中不(bu)能“以(yi)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)代審(shen)”，當第三(san)(san)人(ren)在執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)階段提(ti)(ti)出(chu)異議(yi)(yi)后，第三(san)(san)人(ren)和被執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)人(ren)之(zhi)間的(de)實體法律(lv)關(guan)系應交由審(shen)判部門(men)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)審(shen)理，執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)部門(men)不(bu)應進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)實體判斷。
日期：2021-10-29 12:30:59 | 關閉 |
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