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（一(yi)）民事法律關系的概念

民事法律(lv)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系，是(shi)指由(you)(you)民事法律(lv)規范(fan)所(suo)調(diao)整的社(she)(she)會(hui)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系，也就(jiu)是(shi)由(you)(you)民事法律(lv)規范(fan)所(suo)確認和保護(hu)的社(she)(she)會(hui)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系。雙(shuang)方當(dang)事人通(tong)過建立民事法律(lv)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系，確定雙(shuang)方當(dang)事人的權(quan)利與(yu)義務，目的是(shi)為了獲得一定的自由(you)(you)，故主要以權(quan)利的形(xing)式體現。關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)于該概念(nian)需要注意兩(liang)點：（1）并非所(suo)有的社(she)(she)會(hui)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系都(dou)受法律(lv)調(diao)整。（2）并非所(suo)有的法律(lv)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系都(dou)屬于民事法律(lv)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系。只有那些由(you)(you)民事法律(lv)規范(fan)調(diao)整的社(she)(she)會(hui)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系才屬于民事法律(lv)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系。

不調整：

1.戀(lian)愛關系：約會、婚約、定情約定等(deng)戀(lian)愛行為(wei)民法不調整，但(dan)因故意或者重大過失造成(cheng)對方(fang)損(sun)害的除(chu)外。

2.親(qin)情關系：免費幫助看護小孩或老人等(deng)，但因故意或者重(zhong)大過失造成對方(fang)損(sun)害的除外

3.社交（友(you)誼）關(guan)(guan)系(xi)：請(qing)吃飯(fan)、看電影、干媽與義(yi)父(fu)等關(guan)(guan)系(xi)，但因故意或者重(zhong)大過失造(zao)成對方損害的除外。

（二）民事(shi)法律關系的(de)要素

民事法律關系由(you)主體(ti)、客(ke)體(ti)和內(nei)容三部分構成。

1、主(zhu)體。民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)律關系的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體，亦稱民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)體是指(zhi)參加(jia)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)律關系，享有民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)利并承擔(dan)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)主(zhu)體包(bao)括兩(liang)種類型，即(ji)自然(ran)(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。國家在特殊情(qing)況下，也(ye)可(ke)以成為民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)律關系的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體。可(ke)以成為民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)利主(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)，民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)上(shang)稱之為“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”。民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)法(fa)(fa)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，指(zhi)具有民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)權(quan)利能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)體，因(yin)此(ci)既包(bao)括自然(ran)(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，也(ye)包(bao)括法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。因(yin)此(ci)通常所稱“權(quan)利人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”、“義(yi)務(wu)(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”均包(bao)括自然(ran)(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，但成年人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、未成年人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)特指(zhi)自然(ran)(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。法(fa)(fa)律||教(jiao)育網

根(gen)據我國民(min)(min)法(fa)通則的(de)規定，個體(ti)工商戶、農村(cun)承(cheng)包經營(ying)戶、個人合(he)伙也可以成(cheng)為民(min)(min)事法(fa)律關系的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)存在(zai)。但是(shi)需要注(zhu)意的(de)一點是(shi)，他(ta)們實際上不是(shi)完全獨(du)立的(de)民(min)(min)事法(fa)律關系主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)，而是(shi)作為公(gong)民(min)(min)的(de)具(ju)體(ti)形態出現的(de)，是(shi)相對獨(du)立的(de)民(min)(min)事主(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)。

2、內容。民(min)事法(fa)(fa)(fa)律關系的(de)內容，指民(min)事法(fa)(fa)(fa)律關系的(de)權利(li)主體(ti)所享有(you)的(de)權利(li)，和義(yi)務主體(ti)所負擔的(de)義(yi)務，即(ji)民(min)事權利(li)和民(min)事義(yi)務。關于(yu)這部分的(de)內容，在(zai)第(di)二講中詳(xiang)細闡述。法(fa)(fa)(fa)律 敎育 網

3、客(ke)體(ti)(ti)。民事(shi)法(fa)律(lv)關(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)體(ti)(ti)是(shi)指民事(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利義(yi)務所指向的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)象。民事(shi)法(fa)律(lv)關(guan)系因種類(lei)不同(tong)，可以有不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)體(ti)(ti)，因此對(dui)(dui)于民事(shi)法(fa)律(lv)關(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)體(ti)(ti)不能一概而論。物權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)體(ti)(ti)是(shi)物（但(dan)擔保物權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)體(ti)(ti)除(chu)物以外(wai)，還可以是(shi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利）。債權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)體(ti)(ti)是(shi)債務人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)，即給(gei)付。人(ren)格權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)體(ti)(ti)，為(wei)人(ren)格利益。知識產權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)客(ke)體(ti)(ti)是(shi)智力成果。

（三）法律事實

民(min)(min)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)動(dong)，即民(min)(min)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)、變(bian)(bian)更(geng)、消滅(mie)，總是存(cun)在一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)。這個導致民(min)(min)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)變(bian)(bian)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)，稱為(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)。所謂法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)，是指能(neng)(neng)夠引起(qi)民(min)(min)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)發生(sheng)、變(bian)(bian)更(geng)、消滅(mie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)客觀情(qing)況。不是一切客觀情(qing)況都(dou)能(neng)(neng)引起(qi)民(min)(min)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)動(dong)，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)很多自然現象，如日出、日落(luo)等不能(neng)(neng)當然引起(qi)民(min)(min)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)、變(bian)(bian)更(geng)、消滅(mie)，故不屬(shu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)。引起(qi)民(min)(min)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)變(bian)(bian)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)既可以是一個法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)，也可以是兩個或者多個法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)。如遺(yi)囑繼承法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)就需要兩個法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)事(shi)實(shi)(shi)：立有遺(yi)囑；被(bei)繼承人的(de)(de)(de)(de)死(si)亡。

法律事(shi)實(shi)分為(wei)兩(liang)類(lei)：事(shi)件和人的行為(wei)。

1、事(shi)(shi)件(jian)。與(yu)當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)意(yi)(yi)志無(wu)關(guan)，但(dan)能(neng)(neng)夠引起(qi)民事(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)關(guan)系發(fa)生(sheng)、變更和消(xiao)滅(mie)的(de)(de)(de)客觀情況(kuang)。也可以表述為(wei)，這(zhe)些(xie)事(shi)(shi)實的(de)(de)(de)出現與(yu)否，是個人(ren)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)預見(jian)或者控制的(de)(de)(de)。能(neng)(neng)夠產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)導致(zhi)一定法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)關(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)、變更和消(xiao)滅(mie)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)件(jian)有：（1）人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)出生(sheng)與(yu)死亡(wang)。人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)出生(sheng)與(yu)死亡(wang)能(neng)(neng)夠引起(qi)民事(shi)(shi)主體(ti)資格的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)和消(xiao)滅(mie)，也可能(neng)(neng)導致(zhi)人(ren)格權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)和繼承(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)始(shi)等。（2）自然災(zai)害與(yu)意(yi)(yi)外事(shi)(shi)件(jian)。另外無(wu)行為(wei)能(neng)(neng)力人(ren)所為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)也屬于事(shi)(shi)件(jian)。（3）時間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)經過。時間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)經過也是一種(zhong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)事(shi)(shi)實，它(ta)可以引起(qi)一些(xie)請求(qiu)權(quan)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)或消(xiao)滅(mie)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv) 敎育 網

2、人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)指人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)有意(yi)(yi)識的(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，包括自然人(ren)(ren)和法人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一般(ban)是(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)志所(suo)支配的(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，即有目(mu)的(de)(de)、有意(yi)(yi)識的(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。但有些行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)不以(yi)發生民事(shi)(shi)(shi)法律后果為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)目(mu)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，但仍可(ke)以(yi)引起一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)法律后果的(de)(de)產生。根據(ju)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)屬于表意(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，可(ke)以(yi)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)兩類：（1）民事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)（表意(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)）。民事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)思表示(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)要素的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。具體(ti)內(nei)容(rong)包括民事(shi)(shi)(shi)法律行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，效(xiao)力(li)待(dai)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)民事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，可(ke)變更、可(ke)撤銷的(de)(de)民事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，無(wu)效(xiao)民事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。（2）事(shi)(shi)(shi)實行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)（非表意(yi)(yi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)）。事(shi)(shi)(shi)實行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)與(yu)表達法律效(xiao)果、特定(ding)(ding)精神內(nei)容(rong)無(wu)關的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。例如(ru)創作行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，從(cong)事(shi)(shi)(shi)發明創造的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，侵(qin)權行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)等。